What are the important terms and terminologies from Buddhism? read further to know more about it.
Buddhism started in India over 2,600 years ago as a way of life that had the potential of transforming a person. It is one of the important religions of South and South-Eastern Asian countries.
The religion is based upon the teachings, and life experiences of its founder Siddhartha Gautam, born circa 563 BCE. The main teachings of Buddhism are encapsulated in the basic concept of four noble truths or ariya-sachchani and the eightfold path or astangika marg.
Some of the important Buddhism terminologies
Some Buddhist terms and concepts lack direct translations into English that cover the breadth of the original term.
Adhitthana
It means Determination, to pray, to wish. In the late canonical literature of Theravada Buddhism, adhiṭṭhāna is one of the ten “perfections” (dasa pāramiyo), exemplified by the bodhisatta’s resolve to become fully awakened.
Agama
The non-Mahayana divisions of the Sutta Pitaka
Amitabha
The Buddha of the Western “Pure Land.” Also known as Amida.
Tathāgata
It is a Pali and Sanskrit word; Gautama Buddha uses it when referring to himself in the Pāli Canon.
Five Tathāgatas of Buddhism
In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Five Tathāgatas (pañcatathāgata) or Five Wisdom Buddhas are emanations and representations of the five qualities of the Adi-Buddha or “first Buddha” Vairochana or Vajradhara.
Amoghasiddhi
It is one of the Five Wisdom Buddhas. He is associated with the accomplishment of the Buddhist path and of the destruction of the poison of envy. His name means “He Whose Accomplishment Is Not In Vain”. His Shakti/consort is Tara, meaning Noble Deliverer or Noble Star. He belongs to the family of karma whose family symbol is the double vajra/thunder.
Amitābha
Amitābha is the principal buddha in Pure Land Buddhism, a branch of East Asian Buddhism. In Vajrayana Buddhism, Amitābha is known for his attributes of, discernment, pure perception and purification of the aggregates with a deep awareness of emptiness of all phenomena. According to these scriptures, Amitābha possesses infinite merit resulting from good deeds over countless past lives as a bodhisattva named Dharmākara. Amitābha means “Infinite Light”, and Amitāyus means “Infinite Life” so Amitābha is also called “The Buddha of Immeasurable Light and Life.”
Vairocana
The Buddha Vairocana is the guardian of the centre and is identified by the gesture of teaching or the “Turning of the Wheel of Law” (dharmacakramudra). In the conception of the Five Tathagatas of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, Vairocana is at the centre and is considered a Primordial Buddha.
Akshobhya
Akshobhya is a product of the Adibuddha, who represents consciousness as an aspect of reality. His consort is Lochanā and he is normally accompanied by two elephants. His color is blue-black and his attributes include a bell, three robes, and staff, as well as a jewel, lotus, prayer wheel, and sword. He has several emanations.
Ratnasambhava
Ratnasambhava’s mandalas and mantras focus on developing equanimity and equality and, in Vajrayana Buddhist thought it is associated with the attempt to destroy greed and pride. His consort is Mamaki and his mount is a horse or a pair of lions.
Ānāpānasati
Ānāpānasati meaning “mindfulness of breathing”, is a form of Buddhist meditation originally taught by Gautama Buddha in several suttas including the Ānāpānasati Sutta.
Anicca
The Pali word for impermanence, anicca, is a compound word consisting of “a” meaning non-, and “nicca” meaning “constant, continuous, permanent”. While ‘nicca’ is the concept of continuity and permanence, ‘anicca’ refers to its exact opposite; the absence of permanence and continuity. The term is synonymous with the Sanskrit term anitya (a + nitya). The concept of impermanence is prominent in Buddhism, and it is also found in various schools of Hinduism and Jainism. The term also appears in the Rigveda.
Arhat
In Buddhism, an arhat (Sanskrit) or arahant (Pali) is a living person who has reached Enlightenment. Mahayana Buddhist traditions have used the term for people far advanced along the path of Enlightenment, but who may not have reached full Buddhahood.
Bhāvacakra
The bhāvacakra is a symbolic representation of saṃsāra (or cyclic existence). It is found on the outside walls of Tibetan Buddhist temples and monasteries in the Indo-Tibetan region, to help ordinary people understand Buddhist teachings. It is used in Indian Buddhism & Tibetian Buddhism.
Bhante
The polite particle used to refer to Buddhist monks in the Theravada tradition. Bhante literally means “Venerable Sir.”
Bodhisattvas
Bodhisattvas are enlightened beings who postpone their own salvation in order to help all sentient beings.
Dhammapada
The Dhammapada is a collection of sayings of the Buddha in verse form and one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures. The original version of the Dhammapada is in the Khuddaka Nikaya, a division of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism.
Dharmapala
A dharmapāla is a type of wrathful god in Buddhism. The name means “Dharma protector or defender” in Sanskrit, and the dharmapālas are also known as the Defenders of the Law (Dharma), or the Protectors of the Law. There are two kinds of dharmapala, Worldly Protectors and Wisdom Protectors. Only Wisdom Protectors are enlightened beings.
Dīpankara
Dīpankara is one of the Buddhas of the past. He is said to have lived on Earth one hundred thousand aeons ago. According to some Buddhist traditions, Dīpankara was a Buddha who reached enlightenment eons prior to Gautama Buddha, the historical Buddha.
Generally, Buddhists believe that there has been a succession of many Buddhas in the distant past and that many more will appear in the future; Dīpankara, then, would be one of numerous previous Buddhas, while Gautama was the most recent, and Maitreya will be the next Buddha in the future.
Gassho
A position used for greeting, with the palms together and fingers pointing upwards in prayer position; used in various Buddhist traditions, but also used in numerous cultures throughout Asia. It expresses greeting, request, thankfulness, reverence and prayer. Also considered a mudra or inkei of Japanese Shingon.
Kakusandha Buddha
Kakusandha Buddha (Pāli), is one of the ancient Buddhas whose biography is chronicled in Buddhavamsa, one of the books of the Pāli Canon.
According to Theravāda Buddhist tradition, Kakusandha is the twenty-fifth of the twenty-nine named Buddhas, the fourth of the Seven Buddhas of Antiquity, and the first of the five Buddhas of the present kalpa.
- kalpa is the period of time between the creation and recreation of a world or universe. In the Pali language of early Buddhism, the word takes the form kappa, and is mentioned in the assumed oldest scripture of Buddhism, the Sutta Nipata.
The present kalpa is called the bhadrakalpa (Auspicious aeon). The five Buddhas of the present kalpa are:
- Kakusandha (the first Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
- Koṇāgamana (the second Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
- Kassapa (the third Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
- Gautama (the fourth and present Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
- Maitreya (the fifth and future Buddha of the bhadrakalpa)
Kshanti
Kshanti or khanti (Pāli) is patience, forbearance and forgiveness. It is one of the pāramitās in both Theravāda and Mahāyāna Buddhism.
Kumbhāṇḍa
A kumbhāṇḍa (Sanskrit) or kumbhaṇḍa (Pāli) is one of a group of dwarfish, misshapen spirits among the lesser deities of Buddhist mythology. The terms kumbhāṇḍa and yakṣa are sometimes used for the same person.
Madhyamaka
The Madhyamaka school of Buddhism, the followers of which are called Mādhyamikas, was one of the two principal schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism in India, the other school being the Yogācāra. The name of the school is a reference to the claim made of Buddhism in general that it is a middle path (madhyamā pratipad) that avoids the two extremes of eternalism. This practice was founded by the Indian philosopher Nāgārjuna. Madhyamaka also refers to the ultimate nature of phenomena and the realization of this in meditative equipoise.
Mahabhuti
In Buddhism, the four Great Elements (Pali: cattāro mahābhūtāni) are earth, water, fire and air. Mahābhūta is generally synonymous with catudhātu, which is Pāli for the “Four Elements.”
Mahāmudrā
Mahāmudrā literally means “great seal” or “great imprint” and refers to the fact that “all phenomena inevitably are stamped by the fact of wisdom and emptiness inseparable.”
Nekkhamma
Nekkhamma is a Pali word generally translated as “renunciation” or “the pleasure of renunciation” while also conveying more specifically “giving up the world and leading a holy life” or “freedom from lust, craving and desires.” In Buddhism’s Noble Eightfold Path, nekkhamma is the first practice associated with “Right Intention.” In the Theravada list of ten perfections, nekkhamma is the third practice of “perfection.” It involves non-attachment (detachment).
Nirvana
Nirvana is the highest state that someone can attain, a state of enlightenment, meaning a person’s individual desires and suffering go away.
The origin of the word nirvana relates to religious enlightenment; it comes from the Sanskrit meaning “extinction, disappearance” of the individual to the universal.
Pabbajjā
Pabbajjā (Pali; Sanskrit.: pravrajya) literally means “to go forth” and refers to when a layperson leaves home to live the life of a Buddhist renunciate among a community of bhikkhus (fully ordained monks). This generally involves preliminary ordination as a novice (m. samanera, f. samaneri). It is sometimes referred to as “lower ordination”. After a period or when the novice reaches 20 years of age, the novice can be considered for the upasampadā ordination (or “higher ordination”) whereby the novice becomes a monk (bhikkhu) or nun (bhikkhuni).
Paramārtha
Paramartha (499-569 CE) was an Indian monk from Ujjain in central India, who is best known for his prolific Chinese translations which include Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa. Paramārtha is considered one of the greatest translators of sutras in Chinese Buddhism, along with Kumārajīva and Xuanzang.
Pāramitā
Pāramitā or pāramī, is a Buddhist term often translated as “perfection”. It is described in Buddhist commentaries as noble character qualities generally associated with enlightened beings.
Parinirvana
In Buddhism, parinirvana (Sanskrit: parinirvāṇa; Pali: parinibbāna) is commonly used to refer to nirvana-after-death, which occurs upon the death of someone who has attained nirvana during his or her lifetime. It implies a release from the Saṃsāra, karma and rebirth as well as the dissolution of the skandhas.
In some Mahāyāna scriptures, notably the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, Parinirvāṇa is described as the realm of the eternal true Self of the Buddha.
Prajñā
Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli), is a Buddhist term often translated as “wisdom”, “intelligence”, or “understanding”. It is described in Buddhist commentaries as the understanding of the true nature of phenomena.
In the context of Buddhist meditation, it is the ability to understand the three characteristics of all things: anicca (impermanence), dukkha (dissatisfaction or suffering), and anattā (non-self).
Mahāyāna texts describe it as the understanding of śūnyatā (Eng: emptiness). It is part of the Threefold Training in Buddhism and is one of the ten pāramīs of Theravada Buddhism and one of the six Mahāyāna pāramitās.
Pratītyasamutpāda
It is the theory of dependent origination, which literally means “arising on the ground of a preceding cause,” could well be considered the common denominator of all Buddhist traditions throughout the world, whether TheravĀda, MahĀyĀna, or VajrayĀna.
Pratyekabuddha
In the early tradition of the Pāli canon, the pratyekabuddha refers to a male individual who has attained enlightenment or insight (bodhi; hence, buddha) by himself. In contrast to a sammāsambuddha (Sanskrit, samyaksaṃbuddha), which is a completely enlightened person, a pratyekabuddha keeps enlightenment for himself (pratyeka) and does not embark on a career of preaching it to others.
Ratnasambhava
Buddha Ratnasambhava is one of the principal 5 Dhyani Buddhas in Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. Ratnasambhava represents the wisdom of equality and transforms all inner feelings of pride into a vision of equality and equanimity. His name “Ratnasambhava” can be translated as “born from the jewel” or “Origin of Jewels.”
Sāmaṇera
One who is making a first approach to full membership of the Buddhist saṅgha (community)—i.e. the equivalent, in Western terms, of a novice monk.
Samatha
Samatha is a Buddhist term that is often translated as the “tranquility of the mind”, or “mind-calmness”. The Pali Canon describes it as one of two qualities of mind which is developed (bhāvanā) in Buddhist meditation, the other being vipassana (insight). Samatha is said to be achieved by practicing single-pointed meditation. This includes a variety of mind-calming techniques. Samatha is common to many Buddhist traditions.
Saṃsāra
Saṃsāra in Buddhism is the beginning less cycle of repeated birth, mundane existence and dying again. Samsara is considered to be dukkha, suffering, and in general unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and avidya (ignorance), and the resulting karma.
Samvriti
In the Buddhist context, samvriti refers to the conventional, as opposed to absolute, truth or reality. Knowledge is considered split into three levels: The first being the illusory (called samvriti, parikalpita or pratibhasika according to different schools of thought), considered false compared to the empirical (samvriti, paratantra or vyavaharika), in turn trumped by the transcendental (paramartha or paramarthika).
Sangha
In Buddhism, sangha refers to the monastic community of bhikkhus (monks) and bhikkhunis (nuns).
Sikhī
According to the Buddhavamsa and Buddhist mythology, Sikhī is the twenty-third of twenty-eight Buddhas. The penultimate Buddha of the Alamkarakalpa (Adorned Eon), Sikhī was preceded by Vipassī Buddha and succeeded by Vessabhū Buddha.
Taṇhā
Taṇhā is an important concept in Buddhism, referring to “thirst, desire, longing, greed”, either physical or mental. It is typically translated as craving and is of three types: kāma-taṇhā (craving for sensual pleasures), bhava-taṇhā (craving for existence), and vibhava-taṇhā (craving for non-existence).
Taṇhā appears in the Four Noble Truths, wherein taṇhā is the cause of dukkha (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness) and the cycle of repeated birth, becoming, and death (Saṃsāra).
Three Jewels
Three things that Buddhists take refuge in: the Buddha, his teachings (Dharma), and the community of realized practitioners (Sangha), and in return look toward guidance (see also Refuge (Buddhism).
Tiantai
Tiantai is a school of Buddhism in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam that reveres the Lotus Sutra as the highest teaching in Buddhism.
Trailokya
Trailokya has been translated as “three worlds” “three spheres,” “three planes of existence,” “three realms” and “three regions.”
In Buddhism, the three worlds refer to the following destinations for karmic rebirth:
- Kāmaloka the world of desire, typified by base desires, populated by hell beings, preta, animals, ghosts, humans, and lower demi-gods.
- Rūpaloka is the world of form, predominately free of baser desires, populated by dhyāna-dwelling gods, a possible rebirth destination for those well practiced in dhyāna.
- Arūpaloka is the world of formlessness, a noncorporeal realm populated with four heavens, a possible rebirth destination for practitioners of the four formlessness stages.
Tulku
A Tulku is a reincarnate custodian of a specific lineage of teachings in Tibetan Buddhism who is given empowerment and trained from a young age by students of his or her predecessor.
Examples of tulkus include the Dalai Lamas.
Upādāna
It is also an important Buddhist concept referring to “attachment, clinging, grasping”. It is considered to be the result of taṇhā (craving), and is part of the dukkha (suffering, pain) doctrine in Buddhism.
Upadhyaya
In Buddhism, an Upadhyaya is a religious functionary responsible for guiding novices, hearing monastic vows, and entrusting monastic precepts on ordinands. The word is usually translated either as abbot, preceptor, or master of novices. An upadhyaya has customarily spent at least ten years in a Buddhist monastery before giving this appointment.
Upāsaka
Upāsaka (masculine) or Upāsikā (feminine) refers to Buddhists who are not monks, nuns or novices belonging to a particular monastic community but nevertheless still undertake certain ethical vows to cultivate beneficial Buddhist modes of behavior. The five ethical vows undertaken by a Upāsaka (known as the “Five Precepts” offer guidelines for the behavior of Buddhist lay devotees who are inspired to follow the Buddha’s eight-fold path.
Upaya
Upaya is a term used in Buddhism to refer to an aspect of guidance along the Buddhist paths to liberation where a conscious, voluntary action “is driven by an incomplete reasoning” about its direction. Upaya is often used with kaushalya, upaya-kaushalya meaning “skill in means”.
Upekṣā
Upekṣā is the Buddhist concept of equanimity. As one of the Brahma Vihara (meditative states), it is a pure mental state cultivated on the Buddhist path to nirvāna.
Urna
In Buddhist art and culture, the Urna is a spiral or circular dot placed on the forehead of Buddhist images as an auspicious mark. It symbolizes a third eye, which in turn symbolizes vision into the divine world; a sort of ability to see past our mundane universe of suffering.
Vipassanā
Vipassanā is a Buddhist term that is often translated as “insight”. The Pali Canon describes it as one of two qualities of mind which is developed (bhāvanā) in Buddhist meditation, the other being samatha (mind calming). It is often defined as a form of meditation that seeks “insight into the true nature of reality”, defined as anicca “impermanence”, dukkha “suffering, unsatisfactoriness”, anattā “non-self”, the three marks of existence in the Theravada tradition, and as śūnyatā “emptiness” and Buddha-nature in the Mahayana traditions.
Viriya
In Buddhism’s Pali literature, viriya is identified as critical component in each of the following sets of qualities conducive to Enlightenment (bodhi-pakkhiyā-dhammā):
- the five spiritual faculties (indriya)
- the five powers (bala)
- the ten or six “perfections” (pāramitās)
- the seven factors of enlightenment (bojjhaṅga).[6]
It is also associated with “Right Effort” (sammā-vāyāma) of the Noble Eightfold Path and with the “Four Right Exertions” (samma-ppadhāna).
Yāna
Yāna refers to a mode or method of spiritual practice in Buddhism, and in particular to divisions of various schools of Buddhism according to their type of practice.
Ten Epithets (titles) of Buddha
- Tathagata – Thus Come One
- Arhat – Worthy of offerings & reverance
- Anuttara Samyaksamuddha – The one who has attained complete enlightenment, truly omniscient
- Vidyacarana-Samanna – perfect accordance of knowledge & conduct
- Sugata – well departed
- Lokavid – understanding the world
- Anuttara – unexcelled, unsurpassed one
- Purusa Damya Sarathi – trainer of men
- Sasta Devamanusyanam – Teacher of deity & humans
- Buddha-Bhagavat – Enlightened The World Honored One
Satori
Satori is a Japanese Buddhist term for awakening, “comprehension; understanding”.
Sutra
A written text of the teachings of the Buddha and his early followers. The sutra collections of Theravada and Mahayana traditions differ widely, and Mahayana tradition includes teachings from the bodhisattvas as well.
Bardo
According to Tibetan tradition, the state of consciousness is between death and rebirth.
Skandha
Literally “heap,” this refers to the various components that make up all existence, including human existence. Physical substance the first component) gives rise to sensation (the second) which gives rise to perception which gives rise to an emotional response which gives rise to “mind” or consciousness of “self.” None is permanent.
Vihara
Literally, “dwelling” or “refuge,” the Buddhist monastery. Initially, it was a shelter for the rainy season only, but in time came to be a permanent home for a sangha. The construction of a vihara is usually undertaken by a wealthy benefactor, rather than as an act of the sangha itself. As a result, many are beautiful examples of architecture.
Dharma (dhamma)
the teachings of the Buddha.
Dharmakaya
Buddha-mind, the pervasive essence
Mahakyashapa
The monk understood the silent sermon and led the first council.
Mandala
A complex, circular, symmetrical image is used in meditation.
Mudita
Sympathetic joy, being happy for others, without a trace of envy. One of the four brahma vihara.
Prajñaparamita
A massive collection of Mahayana texts, including the Heart and Diamond Sutras.
Samjña
Perception
Sambhogakaya
Buddha is a deva or god.
Shakyamuni
Sage of the Sakyas, a name for the Buddha.
Appamada (appamaada)
Heedfulness; diligence; zeal. The cornerstone of all skillful mental states, and one of such fundamental import that the Buddha stressed it in his parting words to his disciples: “All fabrications are subject to decay. Bring about completion by being heedful!.”
Jhana (Sanskrit dhyana)
Mental absorption. A state of strong concentration focused on a single physical sensation (resulting in rupa jhana) or mental notion (resulting in arupa jhana). Development of jhana arises from the temporary suspension of the five hindrances through the development of five mental factors: vitakka (directed thought), vicara (evaluation), piti (rapture), sukha (pleasure), and ekaggatarammana (singleness of preoccupation).
Mara (maara)
The personification of evil and temptation.
Metta (mettaa)
Loving-kindness; goodwill. One of the ten perfections (paramis) and one of the four “sublime abodes” (brahma-vihara).
Mudita
Appreciative/sympathetic joy. Taking delight in one’s own goodness and that of others. One of the ten perfections (paramis) and one of the four “sublime abodes”
Papanca
Complication, proliferation. The tendency of the mind to proliferate issues from the sense of “self.” This term can also be translated as self-reflexive thinking, reification, falsification, distortion, elaboration, or exaggeration. In the discourses, it is frequently used in analyses of the psychology of conflict.
Parami, paramita
Perfection of the character. A group of ten qualities developed over many lifetimes by a bodhisatta, which appear as a group in the Pali Canon only in the Jataka (“Birth Stories”): generosity (dana), virtue (sila), renunciation (nekkhamma), discernment (panna), energy/persistence (viriya), patience/forbearance (khanti), truthfulness (sacca), determination (adhitthana), good will (metta), and equanimity (upekkha).
Piti
Rapture; bliss; delight. In meditation, a pleasurable quality in the mind reaches full maturity upon the development of the second level of jhana.
Saddha
Conviction, faith. Confidence in the Buddha gives one the willingness to put his teachings into practice. A conviction becomes unshakeable upon the attainment of stream entry.
Samadhi
Concentration; is the practice of centering the mind in a single sensation or preoccupation, usually to the point of jhana.
Vajrapani
The embodiment of the power of all the Buddhas. He appears in a wrathful aspect, displaying his power to overcome outer, inner, and secret obstacles. At the time of Buddha Shakyamuni he manifested as a Bodhisattva disciple in order to show Buddha’s disciples how to be perfect Mahayana disciples.
Vasubhandu
A great Indian Buddhist scholar of the fifth century who was converted to the Mahayana by his older brother, Asanga. He wrote Treasury of Abhidharma (Skt. Abhidharmakosha).
Avalokiteshvara
The embodiment of the compassion of all the Buddhas. Sometimes he appears with one face and four arms, and sometimes with eleven faces and a thousand arms. At the time of Buddha Shakyamuni, he manifested as a Bodhisattva disciple.
Article written by Aseem Muhammed
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