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ClearIAS » Current Affairs Notes » Kigali Agreement: Simplified

Kigali Agreement: Simplified

Last updated on October 20, 2017 by Clear IAS Team

Paris Agreement to mitigate climate change was followed by another major global agreement – Kigali Agreement. In this post, we explain the importance of Kigali agreement and it’s relevance to India.

What is Kigali Agreement?

Kigali Agreement

  • In the 28th meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, negotiators from 197 nations have signed a historic agreement to amend the Montreal Protocol in Kigali, a capital city of a tiny African country, Rwanda on 15th October 2016.
  • As per the agreement, these countries are expected to reduce the manufacture and use of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by roughly 80-85%  from their respective baselines, till 2045.
  • This phase down is expected to arrest the global average temperature rise up to 0.5o C by 2100.
  • Kigali agreement is an amendment to Montreal Protocol.

 What is Montreal Protocol?

Ozone Hole: Montreal Protocol

  • The Montreal Protocol is a most effective international environmental treaty to phase out the Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) from the atmosphere.
  • It came into force in 1989.
  • It has 197 member parties to the protocol and become a first international treaty with complete ratification.
  • It has undergone several amendments and Kigali amendment is the eighth amendment to this protocol.
  • It has successfully curbed the 98% production of chlorofluorocarbons and other ODSs and significantly contributed to the repair of the ozone hole.

What are Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)?

Fluoro-carbons

  • Hydrofluorocarbons are organic compounds containing hydrogen, Carbon, and fluorine.
  • They are commonly used as substitutes for Ozone depleting substances like Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and are used in refrigerators and air-conditioners.

HFCs: Will not cause ozone layer depletion, but will cause global warming!

CFC-vs-HFC

Though HFCs are not as harmful as CFCs for ozone layer depletion, they have a thousand times more potential to cause global warming effect than commonly known greenhouse gases like carbon Dioxide, methane etc.

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 Kigali Agreement: Important Points

  • It is a legally binding agreement between the signatory parties with non-compliance measures.
  • It will come into effect from 1st January 2019 provided it is ratified by at least 20 member parties by then.
  • It has shown a considerable flexibility in approach while setting phase-down targets for different economies accommodating their developmental aspirations, different socio-economic compulsions, and scientific & technological capabilities.
  • It has divided the signatory parties into three groups-
  1. The first group consists of rich and developed economies like USA, UK and EU countries who will start to phase down HFCs by 2019 and reduce it to 15% of 2012 levels by 2036.
  2. The second group consists of emerging economies like China, Brazil as well as some African countries who will start phase down by 2024 and reduce it to 20% of 2021 levels by 2045.
  3. The third group consists of developing economies and some of the hottest climatic countries like India, Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia who will start phasing down HFCs by 2028 and reduce it to 15% of 2024-2026 levels till 2047.
  • It also has a provision for a multilateral fund for developing countries for adaptation and mitigation.
  • The Technology and Energy Assessment Panel (TEAP) will take a periodic review of the alternative technologies and products for their energy efficiency and safety standards.

Why is Kigali Agreement significant?

  • It strengthens the Paris Agreement which sets an ambitious target of restricting the rise in global temperature below 2O Celsius, as compared to pre-industrial level.
  • Unlike Paris agreement, it gives clear, concrete and mandatory targets with fixed timelines to the signatory parties to achieve their targets.
  • It would prevent the emission of HFCs equivalent to 70 billion tons of CO2.

Kigali Amendment and India

  • India played a very flexible and cooperative role in the whole negotiating process.
  • It has agreed on a lenient schedule as it consumes only 3% of HFCs as compared to the other nations like the USA (37%) and China (25%).
  • It would be tough for Indian to adhere to this agreement along with Paris Pact especially when it has embarked on an ambitious ”Make in India” Programme to increase its industrial production.
  • It should also take into consideration the hot climatic conditions and growing demand for air conditioners, refrigerators, and cars with growing middle-class incomes while implementing the program.
  • Still, as a responsible nation with a global perspective, the Indian government has voluntarily passed the order to stop the production of HFC-23 which is a byproduct of commonly used refrigerant. This will reduce the emission by 100 million tons equivalent of Carbon dioxide in next 15 years.

Implications of Kigali Agreement on India

Indian industries using HFCs like Air-Conditioning industry, Automobiles, and refrigeration industry have some serious implications on financial and technical fronts:

  1. Financial implications – Industries have to either invest in R & D to find out the substitutes for HFCs or they have to buy patented substances and technologies from other MNCs. Consequently, the cost of production will increase which may ultimately shrink the buyer base for their products.
  2. Technological implications – Some of the developed nations have already started using substitutes of HFCs in their products and have a sound technological knowledge about their use. Without technology transfer or research, it would be difficult for domestic industries to compete with them in global as well as domestic market.

On a positive side, this will incentivise business and scientific fraternity to invest their financial and intellectual resources in finding out more economic and environment-friendly technological alternatives.

What next, after HFCs?

What after HFC?The answer is HFO refrigerants. HFO stands for hydrofluoro olefin. HFC refrigerants are composed of hydrogen, fluorine and carbon atoms connected by single bonds between the atoms. HFO refrigerants are composed of hydrogen, fluorine and carbon atoms, but contain at least one double bond between the carbon atoms.

HFO-1234yf has physical properties similar to HFC-134a. Therefore, HFO-1234yf has the potential to be used in current HFC-134a systems with minimal system modifications.

What are the main characteristics of HFO-1234yf?

  • Low toxicity.
  • Low GWP; GWP = 4.
  • Zero ozone depletion potential.
  • Low total contribution to climate change.
  • Same operating pressures as the current HFC-134a system.

References

  1. Aljazeera.
  2. TheWire.
  3. FinancialExpress.
  4. Scroll.
  5. IndianExpress.
  6. UNEP.
  7. TheGuardian.
  8. Nature.
  9. Wikipedia.

Article by: Manjiri Mulye

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Reader Interactions

Comments

  1. Surendra Pal says

    January 30, 2017 at 7:24 pm

    Awesome

    Reply
    • ClearIAS.com says

      January 31, 2017 at 8:58 am

      Thank you.

  2. ishavneet kaur says

    January 30, 2017 at 10:01 pm

    VERY INFORMATIVE

    Reply
    • ClearIAS.com says

      January 31, 2017 at 8:58 am

      Thank you.

  3. HARI says

    January 30, 2017 at 10:40 pm

    NOT BAD …………

    Reply
  4. Akash Sharma says

    January 31, 2017 at 3:31 am

    Comprehensive and Understandable.
    Thank You

    Reply
    • ClearIAS.com says

      January 31, 2017 at 8:56 am

      You are welcome.

  5. anurag verma says

    January 31, 2017 at 8:33 am

    It is a tremendous step towards saving of our environment

    Well done Rwanda

    Reply
  6. shahid says

    January 31, 2017 at 11:21 am

    How will i save these notes as pdf plz reply??

    Reply
  7. ClearIAS.com says

    February 1, 2017 at 9:06 am

    There is a Print PDF option at the bottom of each post as well as in sidebar/bottom bar. It’s free.

    Reply
    • Shishir says

      March 25, 2017 at 2:32 pm

      Regarding to the 3 groups of countries classified by their economy status the year limit for developed countries is wrongly mentioned as 2016. It should be 2036..Please look into it and amend the changes. If not, ignore the comment. The below is the detailed point

      It has divided the signatory parties into three groups-
      The first group consists of rich and developed economies like USA, UK and EU countries who will start to phase down HFCs by 2019 and reduce it to 15% of 2012 levels by 2016.

    • ClearIAS.com says

      April 12, 2017 at 10:11 am

      Thank you for pointing the typo. Updated.

  8. Muslim says

    April 7, 2017 at 7:37 pm

    Excellent
    Keep it up
    You will be the winner.
    Muslim

    Reply
  9. Ant Man says

    April 12, 2017 at 10:08 am

    Awesome explanation just correct 2016 to 2036

    Reply
  10. ClearIAS.com says

    April 12, 2017 at 10:12 am

    Thank you for pointing the typo. Updated.

    Reply
  11. vishal says

    April 24, 2017 at 11:31 am

    this is clear crystal sir

    Reply
  12. Ramdev Yedunath says

    May 18, 2017 at 1:51 pm

    Thank You. Very Informative.

    Reply
  13. RAVI MAHARA says

    June 14, 2017 at 8:45 am

    Thank you so much for your services to lacs of candidates. It is really helpful like a Godsend.

    Reply
  14. Sam says

    February 9, 2019 at 4:32 pm

    Very nice,imformative and easy to understand.nice job.

    Reply
  15. Jogindher G says

    April 10, 2019 at 8:21 pm

    You have given HCFC has low ODS. Is it right?

    Reply
  16. RAVI G WODEYAR says

    September 18, 2020 at 2:06 am

    GOOD.AND SUFFIENT CAPSULR FORUS

    Reply

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