The Arctic Council is an intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic indigenous communities, and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues, in particular on issues of sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic.
Arctic Council: The Background
- The Arctic Council was founded on the initiative of the Government of Finland in September 1989 where officials from the 8 Arctic Countries met in Rovaniemi, Finland, to discuss cooperative measures to protect the Arctic environment.
- The initiative resulted in numerous technical and scientific reports being prepared, culminating in the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (June 1991) – a declaration on the protection of the Arctic environment.
- Through this cooperation, the Arctic Council was formed with the signing of the Ottawa Declaration on 19 September 1996 in Ottawa, Canada.
Also read: Microplastics
The focus areas of the Arctic Council
The main focus areas of the Arctic Council are:
- The Environment and Climate Change.
- Bio-diversity.
- Oceans.
- The indigenous Arctic peoples.
The participants of the Arctic Council
The participants of the Arctic Council are:
- Governments of the eight member states.
- The Permanent Participants PPS.
- Working Groups.
- Observers.
The members of the Arctic Council
The members of the Arctic Council are:
- Canada.
- Denmark.
- Finland.
- Iceland.
- Norway.
- Russia
- The USA.
The Permanent Participants
The Six additional organizations to represent Arctic indigenous peoples have status as permanent participants. This category was created to provide for active participation and representation of the indigenous peoples. They include:
- Aleut International Association
- The Arctic Athabaskan Council.
- Gwich’in Council International.
- The Inuit Circumpolar Council.
- Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North.
- The Saami Council.
Working Groups
The work of the Arctic Council is channeled through six working groups. They are:
Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP)
The ACAP acts as a strengthening and supporting mechanism to encourage national actions to reduce emissions and other releases of pollutants.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)
The AMAP monitors the Arctic environment, ecosystems, and human populations, and provides scientific advice to support governments as they tackle pollution and the adverse effects of climate change.
The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Working Group (CAFF)
The CAFF addresses the conservation of Arctic biodiversity, working to ensure the sustainability of the Arctic’s living resources.
The Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Working Group (EPPR)
The EPPR works to protect the Arctic environment from the threat or impact of an accidental release of pollutants or radionuclides.
The Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME)
The PAME Working Group is the focal point of the Arctic Council’s activities related to the protection and sustainable use of the Arctic marine environment.
The Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG)
The SDWG works to advance sustainable development in the Arctic and to improve the conditions of Arctic communities as a whole.
Note: The Council may also establish Task Forces or Expert Groups to carry out specific work. Decisions of the Arctic Council are taken by consensus among the eight Arctic Council States, with consideration of the reports and recommendations of the working groups and with the full consultation and involvement of the Permanent Participants representing indigenous groups.
Observers in the Arctic Council
- The Observer status in the Arctic Council is granted to non-arctic states, intergovernmental and inter-parliamentary organizations, and other global and regional non-governmental organizations.
- The observer country is invited to the meetings of the council and observes the work and proceedings of the council. In meetings, with the permission of the chair, observers may make statements, submit relevant documents, and provide their perspectives on various issues. While observers may propose projects through an Arctic State of the permanent participant, financial contributions to a project cannot exceed financing from the Arctic States unless declared by the SAOs.
- There are currently 12 non-arctic countries, nine intergovernmental and Inter-Parliamentary Organisations, and 11 non-governmental organizations that have been granted observer status in the Arctic Council.
Twelve Non-Arctic countries that have an approved Observer Status
Observer Country |
Name of the Meeting in which observer Status granted |
Year |
1. France |
Barrow Ministerial meeting |
2000 |
2. Germany |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
3. Netherlands |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
4. Poland |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
6. UK |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
5. Spain |
Salekhard Ministerial meeting |
2006 |
7. China |
Kiruna Ministerial meeting |
2013 |
8. Italy |
Kiruna Ministerial meeting |
2013 |
9. Japan |
Kiruna Ministerial meeting |
2013 |
10. Korea |
Kiruna Ministerial meeting |
2013 |
11. Singapore |
Kiruna Ministerial meeting |
2013 |
12. India |
Kiruna Ministerial meeting |
2013 |
* Also present at the signing ceremony” in Ottawa on 19 September 1996.
Nine Intergovernmental and Inter-Parliamentary Organisations that have an approved observer status
Name of the Organization |
Name of the Meeting in which observer Status granted |
Year |
1. International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) |
Barrow Ministerial meeting |
2000 |
2. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) |
Barrow Ministerial meeting |
2000 |
3. Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM) |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
4. Nordic Environment Finance Corporation (NEFCO) |
Reykjavik Ministerial meeting |
2004 |
5. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) |
Barrow Ministerial meeting |
2000 |
6. Standing Committee of the Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region (SCPAR) |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
7. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
8. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) |
Inari Ministerial meeting |
2002 |
9. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
* Also present at the signing ceremony” in Ottawa on 19 September 1996.
Eleven Non-governmental organizations are approved observers in the Arctic Council
Name of the Organization |
Name of the Meeting in which observer Status granted |
Year |
1. Advisory Committee on Protection of the Seas (ACOPS) |
Barrow Ministerial meeting |
2000* |
2. Arctic Institute of North America (AINA) (Formerly Arctic Cultural Gateway (ACG)) |
Reykjavik Ministerial meeting ( As Arctic Circumpolar Route) |
2004 |
3. Association of World Reindeer Herders (AWRH) |
Barrow Ministerial meeting |
2000 |
4. Circumpolar Conservation Union (CCU) |
Barrow Ministerial meeting |
2000 |
5. International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
6. International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA) |
Barrow Ministerial meeting |
2000 |
7. International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH) |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
8. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) |
Inari Ministerial meeting |
2002 |
9. Northern Forum (NF) |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998 |
10. University of the Arctic (UArctic) |
Inari Ministerial meeting |
2002 |
11. World Wide Fund for Nature-Global Arctic Program (WWF) |
Iqaluit Ministerial meeting |
1998* |
* Also present at the signing ceremony” in Ottawa on 19 September 1996.
What are the criteria for selecting Observers?
The general suitability of an applicant for the selection of observer status in the Council is based on the extent to which the observer:
- Accept and support the objectives of the Arctic Council defined in the Ottawa Declaration.
- Recognize Arctic States’ sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction in the Arctic.
- Recognize that an extensive legal framework applies to the Arctic Ocean including, notably, the Law of the Sea, and that this framework provides a solid foundation for responsible management of this ocean.
- Respect the values, interests, culture, and traditions of Arctic indigenous peoples and other Arctic inhabitants.
- Have demonstrated a political willingness as well as financial ability to contribute to the work of the Permanent Participants and other Arctic indigenous peoples.
- Have demonstrated their Arctic interests and expertise relevant to the work of the Arctic Council.
- Have demonstrated a concrete interest and ability to support the work of the Arctic Council, including through partnerships with member states and Permanent Participants bringing Arctic concerns to global decision-making bodies.
What is India’s role in the Arctic Council?
India was granted observer status at the Kiruna Ministerial Meeting on May 15, 2013. In becoming an observer, India had to agree to the following criteria set by the Council:
- To recognize the sovereign rights of Arctic states.
- To recognize that the Law of the Sea and the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, constitute the legal basis and the legal framework within which the Arctic will be managed.
- To respect indigenous peoples, local cultures, and traditions.
- To respect indigenous peoples, local cultures, and traditions.
- To be able to contribute to the work of the Arctic Council.
India has therefore officially recognized the territorial jurisdiction and sovereign rights of the Arctic states. India has also accepted the UNCLOS as the governing instrument for the Arctic implying that jurisdiction over both the continental shelf and maritime passage, and the resources of the ocean will primarily lay with the eight Arctic States.
India has, therefore, no more room to argue that the region is treated in the same manner as Antarctica. China has lost no time in positioning itself through several asset acquisitions in several Arctic states, in particular, Russia and Canada.
However, what is worrying is that ecological protection, the main reason behind establishing the council has now been trumped by economic factors. India and other developing nations must make the Arctic an important part of their agenda on climate change negotiations.
Read: India’s Arctic Policy
Points to Remember
- The Ottawa Declaration lists the members of the Arctic Council. Only those countries that are located in the Arctic region are eligible for membership.
- The location of the Secretariat was rotated biennially with the Chairmanship of the Arctic Council. Currently, the Arctic Council Secretariat became formally operational in 2013 in Tromso, Norway.
- The Chairmanship of the Arctic Council is rotated every two years once. The first country to chair the Arctic Council was Canada (1996-1998). Finland will be the current chair of the Arctic Council (from 2017-2019).
- The decisions, recommendations, or guidelines of the Arctic Council are non-enforceable and strictly the prerogative of the individual state.
- The Arctic Council mandate explicitly excludes military security as per the Ottawa Declaration as per the explanation to clause 1(a).
- The Arctic Council does not have a fund or a program. All contributions are made voluntarily by the respective member states.
- The first Ministerial Meeting was held from 17th to 18th September 1998, in Iqaluit, Canada.
Article by: Manasvini Mukund
Mizan says
Thanks clear IAS…..
Mizan says
Thanks Mukund
ishtiyaq says
Really majestic
The Real Person!
The Real Person!
Thank you for the positive feedback.
ANISH says
thanks clear IAS
The Real Person!
The Real Person!
Happy to help.
Shankar kona says
Arctic council consists of 8 member countries (mentioned in the article too )but only 7 are listed
I think Sweden is misssing from the list
Raghav says
Please include Sweden in the list of members of arctic council. You guys missed it.
manoj says
there are total 13 observing countries.recent one is switzerland in 2017