Hotspots – World Heritage Sites – Biosphere Reserves – National Parks – Sanctuaries – Tiger Reserves

Bio-Diversity Hot-spots, World Heritage Sites, Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Wild Life Sanctuaries, Botanical Gardens : these related but confusing terms which denote areas, where environment and wildlife are protected, are important of UPSC Civil Services Prelims, Mains and Interview. Every student of the environment is advised to update himself with the differences and latest statistics regarding these hot terms.

1. Bio-Diversity Hot Spots
2. World Heritage Sites
3. Biosphere Reserves
4. National Parks
5. Wildlife Sanctuaries
6. Tiger Reserves
7. Reserve Forests: Coral Reefs and Mangrove Forests
8. Zoos and Botanical Gardens

Bio-Diversity Hot Spots

A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot-map, a region must meet two strict criteria: it must contain at least 0.5% or 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics, and it has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation. Around the world, 25 areas qualify under this definition, with nine other possible candidates. 3 regions that satisfy these criteria exist in India and they are: The Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, The Eastern Himalayas, and Indo-Burma.

World Heritage Sites

Sites on the World Heritage List are cultural, natural, or mixed properties recognized by the World Heritage Committee (UNESCO) has been of outstanding universal value. There are 29 World Heritage Sites in India, 23 are cultural sites and the other six are natural sites.

As of date, there are 911 sites under the World Heritage List, which cover 711 cultural sites, 180 natural sites and 27 mixed properties encompassing 152 countries.

Biosphere Reserves

Sl No	Year	Name	State
1	1986	Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve	Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka
2	1988	Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve	Uttarakhand
3	1989	Gulf of Mannar	Tamil Nadu
4	1988	Nokrek	Meghalaya
5	1989	Sundarbans	West Bengal
6	1989	Manas	Assam
7	1994	Simlipal	Odisha
8	1998	Dihang-Dibang	Arunachal Pradesh
9	1999	Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve	Madhya Pradesh
10	2005	Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve	Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
11	2008	Great Rann of Kutch	Gujarat
12	2009	Cold Desert	Himachal Pradesh
13	2000	Khangchendzonga	Sikkim
14	2001	Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve	Kerala, Tamil Nadu
15	1989	Great Nicobar	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
16	1997	Dibru-Saikhowa	Assam
17	2010	Seshachalam Hills	Andhra Pradesh
18	2011	Panna	Madhya Pradesh

Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

The Indian government has established 18 Biosphere Reserves of India, (categories roughly corresponding to IUCN Category V Protected areas), which protect larger areas of natural habitat (than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary) and often include one or more National Parks and/or preserves, along buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life.

National Parks

The National parks of India are IUCN category II protected areas. As of April 2012, there were 102 national parks in India and more parks in the process of getting commissioned.

Wildlife Sanctuaries

India has over 441 animal sanctuaries, referred to as Wildlife sanctuaries (IUCN Category IV Protected Area). Among these, the 28 Tiger Reserves are governed by Project Tiger and are of special significance in the conservation of the tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named Bird Sanctuary, e.g. Keoladeo National Park before attained National Park status. Many National Parks were initially Wildlife Sanctuaries.

Tiger Reserves

There are more than 40 tiger reserves in India, which are governed by Project Tiger which is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.

Reserve Forests: Coral Reefs and Mangrove Forests

There are 4 important areas of coral reefs and 34 mangrove forests in India.

Zoos and Botanical Gardens

Areas of artificial flora and fauna conservation.

Additional Links:

1. List of protected areas of India
2. Wildlife of India